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Organic matter (OM) found in aerosols can be either primary or secondary, the latter part deriving from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) organic material in the atmosphere may either be biogenic or anthropogenic. This is mainly because the presence of sulfate and nitrate causes the aerosols to increase to a size that scatters light effectively. Secondary sulfate and nitrate aerosols are strong light-scatterers.
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ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate (both can be dry or in aqueous solution) in the absence of ammonia, secondary compounds take an acidic form as sulfuric acid (liquid aerosol droplets) and nitric acid (atmospheric gas), all of which probably contribute to the health effects of particulates. In the presence of ammonia, secondary aerosols often take the form of ammonium salts i.e. the gases from which they originate-may have an anthropogenic origin (from any fossil fuel combustion) and a natural biogenic origin. Some secondary particles derive from the oxidation of primary gases such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides into sulfuric acid (liquid) and nitric acid (gaseous) or from biogenic emissions. In addition, sea spray aerosols may contain organic compounds, which influence their chemistry. Sea salt is considered the second-largest contributor in the global aerosol budget, and consists mainly of sodium chloride originated from sea spray other constituents of atmospheric sea salt reflect the composition of sea water, and thus include magnesium, sulfate, calcium, potassium, etc.
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Wind-blown mineral dust tends to be made of mineral oxides and other material blown from the Earth's crust this particulate is light-absorbing. The composition and toxicity of aerosols, including particles, depends on their source and atmospheric chemistry and varies widely. Composition įurther information: Particulate organic matter
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Because salt spray over the oceans is the overwhelmingly most common form of particulate in the atmosphere, anthropogenic aerosols-those made by human activities-currently account for about 10 percent of the total mass of aerosols in our atmosphere. Coal combustion in developing countries is the primary method for heating homes and supplying energy. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, stubble burning, power plants, road dust, wet cooling towers in cooling systems and various industrial processes, also generate significant amounts of particulates. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation and sea spray. 7.3 Energy industry knowledge and response to adverse health effects.7.2.3 Cardiovascular and respiratory disease.7.2.2 Pregnancy, fetuses and birth effects.7.2.1 Anthropogenic fine particulates as main hazard.Overall, ambient particulate matter ranks as the sixth leading risk factor for premature death globally. Worldwide exposure to PM 2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016. The smaller PM 2.5 were particularly deadly, with an 18% increase in lung cancer per 5 μg/m 3 (95% CI ) as it can penetrate deeper into the lungs. In 2013, a study involving 312,944 people in nine European countries revealed that there was no safe level of particulates and that for every increase of 10 μg/m 3 in PM 10, the lung cancer rate rose 22% (95% CI ). Particulates are the most harmful form (other than ultra-fines) of air pollution due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lungs, blood streams and brain, causing health problems including heart attacks, respiratory disease, and premature death. The IARC and WHO designate airborne particulates as a Group 1 carcinogen. Types of atmospheric particles include suspended particulate matter thoracic and respirable particles inhalable coarse particles, designated PM 10, which are coarse particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers (μm) or less fine particles, designated PM 2.5, with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less ultrafine particles, with a diameter of 100 nm or less and soot. They have impacts on climate and precipitation that adversely affect human health, in ways additional to direct inhalation. Sources of particulate matter can be natural or anthropogenic. The term aerosol commonly refers to the particulate/air mixture, as opposed to the particulate matter alone. Particulates – also known as atmospheric aerosol particles, atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter ( PM), or suspended particulate matter ( SPM) – are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air.